Abstract: A stationary induction apparatus includes a core, a winding, a tank, a refrigerant, a radiator, and a unit cooler. The winding is wound around the core as a central axis. The tank contains the core and the winding. The refrigerant is filled into the tank. The radiator is mounted to the tank and includes a first heat exchange unit capable of naturally air-cooling the refrigerant that is naturally convecting while allowing the refrigerant to flow therethrough. The unit cooler is mounted to the tank and includes a pump to forcibly circulate the refrigerant, and a second heat exchange unit to forcibly air-cool the refrigerant that is being forcibly circulated while allowing the refrigerant to flow therethrough.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a tank of a high-voltage generator including a tank body and a tank lid. There is an opening in the tank lid. The opening is connected to the bellows so as to counteract the volume change of the transformer oil and avoid generation of bubbles. The tank includes a positive transformer, a negative transformer, a bellows, and other components. The high-voltage winding is embedded in the PCBs. The outer insulating bushing is covered by the PCBs so as to improve the insulativity between the turns of the high-voltage winding. In addition, oil barriers may be placed between the positive and the negative transformers, or between the transformers and the ground so as to eliminate the bridge breakdown effect and make the electric field uniform. By means of said measures, the present disclosure improves the stability of the high-voltage generator.

Abstract: A device for testing insulation properties of a transformer may be provided by: a low-voltage winding part and a high-voltage winding part that are arranged concentrically with each other; an iron core for testing combined with the low-voltage winding part and the high-voltage winding part and adjustable in height according to the height of low-voltage winding part and the high-voltage winding part; a low-voltage terminal part connected to both ends of the winding of the low-voltage winding part; and a high-voltage terminal part connected to both ends of the winding of the high-voltage winding part.

Abstract: An inductor which avoids heat generation and heat dissipation problems, and has a reduced resistance component, when used in a voltage converter. An inductor is configured with a pair of outer electrodes disposed on both end portions of an element assembly and electrically connected to end portions of conductors. The conductors are made of a flat-type wire having a rectangular cross section, are placed side by side between the end portions, and include cylindrical winding sections, respectively, in which the flat-type wire in a long side direction of the rectangular cross section is wound the number of turns less than one about a thickness direction intersecting with a length direction connecting the pair of end portions along the thickness direction. A heat-dissipating member includes a portion being a partition between the conductors and a portion exposed on the top of an outer surface of the element assembly.

Abstract: A winding is provided, which comprises a form element having a longitudinal axis defining a longitudinal direction and a radial direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The form element comprises a core with a lateral surface, and adjustable elements arranged on the lateral surface of the core. The adjustable elements are elongated and extend along the longitudinal direction. A thickness of the adjustable elements in a radial direction is altered along the longitudinal direction. A conductor is wound around the form element along the longitudinal direction forming turns of the winding.

Abstract: A window assembly heat transfer system is disclosed in which a window member has a selected transparency to monitored or sensed electromagnetic wavelengths. One or more passages are provided in the window member for flowing a single-phase or two-phase heat transfer fluid. A mechanism allows either evaporation or condensation of the fluid and/or balancing of a flow of the fluid within the passages. In one embodiment, the window assembly can be made by producing passages in a top surface of a first single plate, optionally producing passages in a bottom surface of a second single plate and bonding the top surface of the first plate to a bottom surface of a second single plate to form the window member with the passage or passages. In another embodiment, the window assembly can be made by providing a core around which the window member material is grown and thereafter removing the core to produce the passage or passages.

Abstract: A monitoring system, method, and device for sealing electrical equipment (10) and electrical equipment (10) with monitored sealing, including at least one sensor set (100), at least one signaling system (15) and at least one drying system (300), wherein the sensor set (100) includes at least one moisture sensor (20) and at least one liquid presence sensor (25) connected to at least one centralizing element (30), wherein the centralizing element (30) is configured to receive data from at least the sensors and generate outputs corresponding thereto, defining the type of liquid in contact with a sensor, assessing the integrity of the sealing system, and detecting the loss of efficiency of the drying system (300). The system may be configured to detect trends and automatically generate alarms and recommendations, mitigating the from inspections of sealing systems on electrical equipment (10) while enhancing the reliability of the operation, lowering costs and enhancing safety and security.

Abstract: A transformer having a transformer core that forms a magnetic flux path between and through a top yoke, leg, and bottom yoke of the transformer core. A winding can be disposed about the leg. Further, a flitch plate, which can have at least one slot that is configured to reduce eddy losses generated by the winding, can be disposed adjacent to the leg and extend between the top yoke and the bottom yoke. The flitch plate can be clamped to the top and bottom yokes by top and bottom clamps, respectively. The top and bottom clamps can each include at least one cutout that reduces an attraction of stray flux from the winding and into the corresponding top and bottom clamps. Additionally, at least one of the top clamp and the bottom clamp can include an internal lattice structure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an induction cooking hob (10) with an integrated down-draft hood. The down-draft hood includes at least one downstream channel (40) extending from an air inlet (18) to an air outlet (36). The air inlet (18) is arranged within and/or beside a cooking panel (12) of the induction cooking hob (10). The air outlet (36) is arranged in a bottom wall and/or side wall of a chassis of the induction cooking hob (10). At least one heat sink (28) is arranged in and/or at the down-stream channel (40). The heat sink (28) is thermally connected to at least one power circuit for at least one induction generator. The heat sink (28) provides a heat exchange between the power circuit and an air stream through the downstream channel (40), so that the power circuit is cooled down.

Abstract: A transformer for mounting on a mast of an air-insulated energy distribution network has a core which is protected against corrosion and environmental influences, while at the same time stable retention is provided. The transformer contains a winding block having a solid insulating body, in which at least one upper voltage winding and at least one lower voltage winding are arranged. The winding block delimits a completely peripherally closed central retention opening. Furthermore, a core unit is provided which has at least one magnetizable core and is inductively coupled to each lower voltage winding by each upper voltage winding. The core unit extends through the retention opening via at least one core leg and annularly extends around the winding block on the outside by a ring portion. Retention devices are provided for fastening the ring portion to the mast.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrical filter element (1) for filtering alternating voltage interference. The electrical filter element (1) comprises two dielectric circuit board substrates (11, 12) having a magnetic core (13) arranged between the circuit board substrates. The magnetic core (13) has a material-free inner region (13a), in which electrical connection elements (21-24) are provided between the two dielectric circuit board substrates (11, 12). Furthermore, electrical connection elements (31, 32) can also be provided between the two dielectric circuit board substrates (11, 12) in an outer region of the magnetic core (13).

Abstract: A reactor including: a coil that includes a winding portion; a magnetic core that includes an inner core portion that is disposed inside the winding portion and an outer core portion that is disposed outside the winding portion; and an outer interposed portion that is interposed between an end surface of the winding portion and an inner end surface of the outer core portion The winding portion includes a winding wire body and a fusing layer that is provided on an outer circumferential surface of the winding wire body and joins turns that are adjacent to each other, and the reactor further includes an adhesion prevention structure configured to prevent the end surface of the winding portion and the outer interposed portion from adhering to each other due to the fusing layer.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a coil device for a power converter, the device comprising: a cooling plate; and a plurality N?3 of coil windings. The cooling plate is thermally coupled to at least one end face of one of the plurality of coil windings. The coil windings are spatially offset from one another by an angle of 2?/N. The cooling plate defines a cooling channel extending at least partially around each of the plurality of coil windings.

Abstract: A core for an electric induction device includes a multiplicity of magnetizable metal sheets which form a stack of metal sheets resting on each other. Spacers that are each disposed between two metal sheets form at least one cooling channel which can be subjected to a greater thermal load and at the same time allows improved cooling. Said spacers are made, at least in part, of metal.

Abstract: Non-liquid immersed transformers and methods of measuring aging degree of the transformers' insulation are disclosed. The transformers comprise a solid insulation inside the conductive coil and one or more floating electrodes in the solid insulation. At least a part of the conductive coil and the one or more floating electrodes may form one or more capacitive elements, respectively. An electrical parameter, e.g. complex permittivity, of the capacitive element is measured and the aging degree is calculated as a function of the electrical parameter measurement.

Abstract: A fluid-cooled electromagnet includes an upper housing, a lower housing vertically aligned with the upper housing, a plurality of pancake coils disposed between the upper housing and the lower housing to be spaced apart from each other and sequentially stacked to have a washer shape, and at least one spacer, disposed between the upper housing and the lower housing, accommodating the pancake coils at regular intervals.

Abstract: A heat dissipation module for optical transceiver is provided. The heat dissipation module for optical transceiver includes a liquid cooling device, a casing assembly and an elastic fastener. The liquid cooling device includes a liquid cooling tube and a base, and the liquid cooling tube is in connection with the base. The casing assembly includes a top plate. The top plate includes a top surface, a bottom surface and an opening. The opening is through the top surface and the bottom surface. At least one part of the liquid cooling device is extended into the opening and protruded over the bottom surface. The elastic fastener is configured for fastening the liquid cooling device on the casing assembly, and the liquid cooling device is pluggably fastened to the casing assembly.

Abstract: An autonomous running working machine that receives power wirelessly fed from a station includes a power reception coil that is provided in the station and is magnetically coupled to a power transmission coil, in which a core of a magnetic substance is inserted, and the power reception coil includes an open portion through which the core passes when the autonomous running working machine enters the station.

Abstract: An inductor assembly includes a coil including a spirally wound metal foil.

Abstract: A power converter includes a magnetic core, a plurality of windings, a plurality of metal sidewalls, a first insulating member, and a second insulating member. The plurality of windings are each wound around the magnetic core and bent to have a portion extending in a direction in which the magnetic core extends. The plurality of metal sidewalls are disposed outside the plurality of windings and extend in the direction in which the magnetic core extends. The first insulating member is disposed between the plurality of windings and between the windings and the magnetic core. The second insulating member is disposed on an outside of the plurality of windings and in contact with each of the plurality of sidewalls and each of the plurality of windings. The second insulating member has a thermal conductivity higher than a thermal conductivity of the first insulating member.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for magnetically latching a charging port to an electric vehicle by first positioning a power receiver connector installed on the electric vehicle near a power source connector. The power source connector that is allowed to move around in three dimensional space, facilitating the alignment of the power source connector with the power receiver connector using a magnetic force. The magnetic forces also use to latch the power source connector to the power receiver connector. At this point, contacts included in the two connectors are engaged in order to provide a temporary conductive charging path.

Abstract: A stationary induction apparatus includes a core, a first winding, a second winding, and an insulating structure arranged between facing surfaces of the first winding and the second winding. The insulating structure is located between the facing surfaces of the first winding and the second winding. The insulating structure includes a first insulator having a cylindrical shape with the core as its central axis, and first insulating spacers arranged between the first winding and the first insulator and between the second winding and the first insulator. The first insulator includes a first nonlinear resistive layer containing a nonlinear resistive material having a nonlinear volume resistivity that decreases when an electric field is higher than a threshold. The first nonlinear resistive layer is provided in a portion of the first insulator which is at least in contact with one of the first insulating spacers.

Abstract: Systems for power over data line applications with low mode conversion are described. For example, an apparatus may include a magnetic core; a first conductive coil wound in a first winding direction around the magnetic core; a second conductive coil wound in a second winding direction around the magnetic core; a first conductive lead connecting a first end of the first conductive coil to a first pin; a second conductive lead connecting a second end of the first conductive coil to a second pin; a third conductive lead connecting a first end of the second conductive coil to a third pin, wherein lengths of the first conductive lead and the third conductive lead are equal; and a fourth conductive lead connecting a second end of the second conductive coil to a fourth pin, wherein lengths of the second conductive lead and the fourth conductive lead are equal.

Abstract: Provided is a reactor device which is inexpensive, has high heat radiation and with which there is a high degree of freedom when positioning the transformer core. A heat-radiating plate (105) of U-shaped cross section is contacted onto an upper face and both side faces of an upper part E core (102) forming a transformer (101) upper part, and a transformer (101) provided with the heat-radiating plate (105) is housed from one face which is open of a reactor case (106), and a potting resin material is charged into the gap between the transformer (101) and the reactor case (106) until a lower edge part of the heat-radiating plate (105) is submerged. The reactor case (106) housing the transformer (101) is installed and secured onto a base providing a cooling mechanism.

Abstract: In an amorphous core transformer, an amorphous core is constructed such that, when a plurality of kinds of amorphous magnetic strips having different widths are arranged in abutting relation and laminated, the amorphous magnetic strips are alternated in arrangement for lamination so that abutting surfaces of the arranged and laminated amorphous magnetic strips are displaced with respect to one another. Thus, hours of wrapping work are drastically reduced and working efficiency is improved.

Abstract: A transformer is provided having a stacked core with a pair of outer legs extending between a pair of yokes. The core is arranged in a plurality of layers. Each of the layers includes a pair of yoke plates and a pair of outer leg plates. In an inner-most layer, the width of each yoke plate is less than the width of each outer leg plate. In each of the layers, the inner points of the outer leg plates are substantially in contact with the yoke plates. The cross-section of the inner leg and the outer legs may be rectangular or cruciform.

Abstract: A reactor provided with a cooler, comprising: a coil, a core formed of a soft magnetic material, the core covers an inside of the coil and an outer periphery of the coil; the cooler being arranged on both sides of the core, the core and the cooler being pressed in a stacking direction of the core and the cooler; a thickness of the core in the stacking direction being smaller than a length of a height of a surface of the core that faces the stacking direction; and the thickness of the core in the stacking direction being smaller than a length of a width of the surface of the core that faces the stacking direction.

Abstract: An electrical insulation system for a high voltage inductive device includes a cylindrical insulation barrier defining an axial direction, a longitudinal bar having a main extension in the axial direction, the longitudinal bar arranged to support the cylindrical insulation barrier along the axial direction and to provide spacing in a radial direction, and the longitudinal bar having a first side facing the cylindrical insulation barrier and a second side, opposite the first side, having a groove, and a spacer having a main extension in the radial direction, the spacer being arranged to provide spacing in the axial direction, the spacer having a groove fitting end portion. The longitudinal bar is adapted to receive the groove fitting end portion of the spacer in the groove, and wherein the spacer is dimensioned so relative to the groove that the groove captures any streamer propagating from the spacer towards the cylindrical insulation barrier.

Abstract: The invention concerns a medium frequency transformer with a housing, in which numerous winding chambers, having primary and secondary windings, are disposed, wherein the housing is filled, at least partially, with an insulating liquid. The transformer is distinguished in that numerous winding chambers, filled with the insulating liquid, are disposed in the housing, and at least one winding is disposed in each winding chamber, such that, for the most part, only the windings are surrounded by the insulating medium. Preferably the winding chambers are sealed and separated from one another by means of insulating separating walls, wherein the windings are positioned and fixed in place in the winding chambers, and the winding chambers are filled with the insulating liquid. Between the windings there are thus, according to the invention, at least two insulating barriers, which function simultaneously and consist of solid matter insulation in the form of housing and separating walls, and the insulating liquid.

Abstract: The embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to magnetic resonance imaging systems and, more specifically, to the manufacturing of a gradient coil assembly for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems. For example, in one embodiment, a method includes ultrasonically consolidating a plurality of sheets of a conductive material to form a consolidated structure and machining one or more conductive channels into the consolidated structure to form an inductor.

Abstract: A compact, portable resistance heating device that takes a source of alternating current electricity and through a series of connections and circuitry splits the alternating current electricity into a plurality of circuits. The compact, portable resistance heating device is capable of heating a plurality of cartridge heaters at one time, individually or a combination thereof. The compact, portable resistance heating device is controlled by at least one controller that controls three (3) power output receptacles. The controller is capable of producing 0-100% output power to each respective cartridge heater. Each cartridge heater may be individually controlled by an on/off switch, and an indicator light may be provided and illuminate when each cartridge heater is energized. The cartridge heaters of the compact, portable resistance heating device do not require close tolerances with an axial bore of a stud or threaded bolt and are further capable of being bent to suit the particular operation.

Abstract: A dry type electrical insulation is provided. The insulation includes a base fiber having an outer surface and a first melting point and a binder material, coated onto the outer surface of the base fiber, having a second melting point. In this insulation, the second melting point is lower than the first melting point. A dry type insulation matrix is also provided. The insulation matrix includes a plurality of composite fibers having a base fiber having a first melting point and a binder material co-extruded therewith, having a second melting point. In this insulation matrix, the second melting point is lower than the first.

Abstract: At least two winding modules nested hollow-cylindrically one inside the other and extending around a common winding axis, wherein said winding modules are spaced radially apart from one another within at least one hollow-cylindrical cooling channel arranged therebetween by means of insulation strips, wherein the insulation strips have a cross-sectional form which avoid a surface profile radially with respect to the winding axis, the insulation strips including one of a fiber-reinforced epoxy, polyester resin, or from an unreinforced thermoplastic material.

Abstract: A method for achieving converter transformer for suppressing DC bias magnet comprises increasing the seaming width of the transformer core lamination, which comprises in detail calculating the width and the height of each stage of lamination according to the reserved seaming width of the lamination, the sectional area of the core, the space between columns, and the height of the window, shearing the lamination based on the width and the height of the lamination obtained by calculating, overlapping two pieces of laminations into one piece of lamination according to the order of stages, placing them on the core frame alternately by stages, and after overlapping all the laminations, fastening each stage of lamination.

Abstract: An oil-filled transformer switching frame is disclosed which includes at least one longitudinal channel element that is essentially formed by a wall that is curved in a U-shaped manner, for receiving in its inner region stranded conductors of an oil tank of an oil transformer. The wall of the channel element can include a first layer of mechanically strong, planar insulating material and a second layer of mechanically strong, planar insulating material that is adjacent to and fundamentally parallel to said first layer, the first layer and the second layer being connected to and spaced apart by a third layer of a mechanically strong, corrugated insulating material having hollow spaces that can be flooded with a fluid by way of lateral edges.

Abstract: Cooling systems include a first passageway forming member that includes first and second ends and at least one connecting recess that opens into first and second passageways formed by the first passageway forming member. A second passageway forming member includes first and second ends and inlet and outlet ports proximate the first end such that the first end, including an elastomeric seal and the inlet and outlet ports, is sealably insertable in and removable from the at least one connecting recess, where the inlet port opens into the first passageway and the outlet port opens into the second passageway, and where, when the first end is inserted in the at least one connecting recess, the elastomeric seal is sandwiched between and in substantial contact with both the first end and the first passageway forming member.

Abstract: A bobbin can be used for a magnetic component. The magnetic component includes at least one coil, and the coil includes at least one pin. The bobbin includes a body and a pin holder. The body includes a winding part and two plates. The winding part is used for winding the coil. The plates are respectively disposed on the opposites of the winding part. The pin holder is disposed on one of the plates, and it includes at least one locating hole for inserting the pin.

Abstract: An impeder for use in an electric induction welding process is provided. A cooling medium is circulated around the exterior of the impeder's magnetic material with the impeder entry and exit passages for the cooling medium located on opposite sides of the impeder.

Abstract: A compact, portable resistance heating device that takes a source of alternating current electricity and through a series of connections and circuitry splits the alternating current electricity into a plurality of circuits. The compact, portable resistance heating device is capable of heating a plurality of cartridge heaters at one time, individually or a combination thereof. The compact, portable resistance heating device is controlled by at least one controller that controls three (3) power output receptacles. The controller is capable of producing 0-100% output power to each respective cartridge heater. Each cartridge heater may be individually controlled by an on/off switch, and an indicator light may be provided and illuminate when each cartridge heater is energized. The cartridge heaters of the compact, portable resistance heating device do not require close tolerances with an axial bore of a stud or threaded bolt and are further capable of being bent to suit the particular operation.

Abstract: A mechanical support for thermal or electric systems. The support is hollowed, and includes two bearing surfaces, substantially parallel to each other, and separated from each other by a lateral surface defining a perimeter. The lateral surface includes through openings, distributed along at least one row substantially parallel to the bearing surfaces. The support includes at least one stiffening flange, in contact with the lateral surface of the support, all along the perimeter of the lateral surface, on or in the vicinity of the or of each row of through openings.

Abstract: A high-temperature superconductor (HTS) coil includes a coil winding with a superconducting material and a coil former for carrying the coil winding. When the high-temperature supercon-ductor (HTS) coil cools down from a room temperature to an operating temperature, the coil winding or the coil former counteract a thermal shrinkage of the coil winding in order to avoid or reduce a longitudinal compression of the superconducting material of the coil winding.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to an amorphous transformer core including at least one transformer core disc with a plurality of layers of strip-like amorphous core material arranged concentrically around at least one winding window. At least one heat dissipating plate extends into an interior of the amorphous transformer core and is fed from there into at least one heat exchange region outside the amorphous transformer core. This can enhance dissipation of heat energy which is produced inside the amorphous transformer core.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a contactless power transfer transformer includes a both-sides wound coil. The both-sides wound coil includes an inter-magnetic-pole core portion between two magnetic pole portions. The winding wire is wound around a wound region of the inter-magnetic-pole core portion. The inter-magnetic-pole includes: a plurality of separate magnetic members that connect to each of the two magnetic pole portions, and are arranged with a spacing therebetween and in parallel with each other; and a heat conductor that is alternately arranged with respect to the separate magnetic members on a plane formed by the separate magnetic members so as to be in contact with the separate magnetic members. Heat generated by the separate magnetic members is guided to the outside of the wound region of the inter-magnetic-pole core portion through the heat conductor, and is dissipated.

Abstract: Methods and devices for an extreme duty transformer with wet wound primary and secondary winding encapsulated with a resin and having corrugated insulating material as cooling ducts as a transformer capable of withstanding extreme mechanical stresses in an underground mining environment. The method includes providing a resin impregnated rectangular winding form, forming a secondary winding with alternating layers of magnet wire with a resin impregnated insulating collar above and below the magnet wire and corrugated insulating material extending the full or partial circumference and width of the coil. An insulating layer of corrugated material and resin impregnated insulation is wound to separate the primary from the secondary windings.

Abstract: A transformer comprises a core of magnetic permeable material. A first coil assembly extends around the core and includes a first coil of wire encased in a first body of electrical insulating material. The first body is annular with a first inner surface and a first outer surface with a first plurality of fins projecting from the first inner surface. A second coil assembly extends around the first coil assembly and includes a second coil encased in a second body of electrical insulating material. The second body is annular with a second inner surface and a second outer surface with a second plurality of fins projecting from the second outer surface. A third plurality of fins projects from either the first outer surface of the first body or the second inner surface of the second body.

Abstract: A magnetic device includes an electrically insulating body and a conductor coil. The insulating body defines an internal cavity for a magnetic device core and a coolant channel routed about the internal cavity. The conductor coil extends through the insulating body and winds about the internal cavity. The electrically insulating body electrically insulates the internal cavity and coolant channel from the conductor coil.

Abstract: A transformer winding, having at least two multi-layered winding modules, which are connected electrically in series, extend about a common winding axis, and are nested one inside the other hollow-cylindrically, at least one cooling channel, which is arranged along the common winding axis hollow-cylindrically between the winding modules, and a flat electrical shield is provided within the at least one cooling channel at least sectionally along the radial circumference thereof, wherein the electrical shield extends over approximately the entire axial length and through which electrical shield the electrical capacitance distribution in the transformer winding connected electrically in series is influenced.

Abstract: A cooling structure for a magnet-equipped reactor includes: a magnet-equipped reactor (60) having a core (61) around which a coil (70) is wound, and a magnet (75) arranged to contact the core (61); and a cooling member (51) arranged to contact the magnet (75) of the magnet-equipped reactor (60) to cool the magnet (75).

Abstract: The invention comprises a phase change inductor cooling system. The cooling system uses a non-conductive refrigerant in proximate and/or in direct contact with an inductor. Heat from the inductor changes the refrigerant from a liquid to a gas phase, which removes heat from the inductor. The gas phase refrigerant is subsequently removed from the inductor to remove heat from the environment about the inductor. The refrigerant is optionally recirculated using the steps of condensing and/or compressing the refrigerant prior to reintroduction into the environment proximate and/or in direct contact with the inductor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a heavy-current transformer (12), in particular for a power source (10) in order to provide a welding current of a resistance welding device (1), with at least one primary winding (13) and at least one secondary winding (14) with center tapping, and to a transformer element, a contact plate (29) and a secondary winding (14) for such a heavy-current transformer (12) as well as a method for the manufacturing thereof. For reduction of losses and improvement of efficiency, at least four contacts (20, 21, 22, 23) are provided to form a multi-point contacting, said contacts (20, 21, 22, 23) being formed by four contact faces within which the at least one primary winding (13) and the at least one secondary winding (14) are arranged in a series/parallel connection.