Abstract: Compounds having General Formula (I) or General Formula (II): in which R1 is chosen from C1 to C10 aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more aryl groups, substituted aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, substituted heteroaryl groups, or combination thereof, R2 is chosen from aromatic moieties, substituted aromatic moieties, heteroaromatic moieties, substituted heteroaromatic moieties, and coumarin; R3 is chosen from —H, C1 to C10 aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups, phenyl, or substituted phenyl, wherein the aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups are optionally substituted with one or more phenyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, substituted heteroaryl groups, or combination thereof, and wherein the aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups are optionally bonded to R2 to form a ring; X is S or O; and Y is S or NH, may be used in pharmaceutical compositions that modify of biological signaling processes or as reagents for biological assays.

Abstract: Compounds having General Formula (I) or General Formula (II): in which R1 is chosen from C1 to C10 aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more aryl groups, substituted aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, substituted heteroaryl groups, or combination thereof, R2 is chosen from aromatic moieties, substituted aromatic moieties, heteroaromatic moieties, substituted heteroaromatic moieties, and coumarin; R3 is chosen from —H, C1 to C10 aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups, phenyl, or substituted phenyl, wherein the aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups are optionally substituted with one or more phenyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, substituted heteroaryl groups, or combination thereof, and wherein the aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups are optionally bonded to R2 to form a ring; X is S or O; and Y is S or NH, may be used in pharmaceutical compositions that modify of biological signaling processes or as reagents for biological assays.

Abstract: Compounds having General Formula (I) or General Formula (II): in which R1 is chosen from C1 to C10 aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more aryl groups, substituted aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, substituted heteroaryl groups, or combination thereof; R2 is chosen from aromatic moieties, substituted aromatic moieties, heteroaromatic moieties, substituted heteroaromatic moieties, and coumarin; R3 is chosen from —H, C1 to C10 aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups, phenyl, or substituted phenyl, wherein the aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups are optionally substituted with one or more phenyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, substituted heteroaryl groups, or combination thereof, and wherein the aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups are optionally bonded to R2 to form a ring; X is S or O; and Y is S or NH, may be used in pharmaceutical compositions that modify of biological signaling processes or as reagents for biological assays.

Abstract: Compounds having General Formula (I) or General Formula (II): in which R1 is chosen from C1 to C10 aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more aryl groups, substituted aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, substituted heteroaryl groups, or combination thereof; R2 is chosen from aromatic moieties, substituted aromatic moieties, heteroaromatic moieties, substituted heteroaromatic moieties, and coumarin; R3 is chosen from —H, C1 to C10 aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups, phenyl, or substituted phenyl, wherein the aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups are optionally substituted with one or more phenyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, substituted heteroaryl groups, or combination thereof, and wherein the aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups are optionally bonded to R2 to form a ring; X is S or O; and Y is S or NH, may be used in pharmaceutical compositions that modify of biological signaling processes or as reagents for biological assays.

Abstract: Compounds having General Formula (I) or General Formula (II): in which R1 is chosen from C1 to C10 aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more aryl groups, substituted aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, substituted heteroaryl groups, or combination thereof; R2 is chosen from aromatic moieties, substituted aromatic moieties, heteroaromatic moieties substituted heteroaromatic moieties, and coumarin; R3 is chosen from —H, C1 to C10 aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups, phenyl, or substituted phenyl, wherein the aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups are optionally substituted with one or more phenyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, substituted heteroaryl groups, or combination thereof, and wherein the aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups are optionally bonded to R2 to form a ring; X is S or O; and Y is S or NH, may be used in pharmaceutical compositions that modify of biological signaling processes or as reagents for biological assays.

Abstract: Compounds having General Formula (I) or General Formula (II): in which R1 is chosen from C1 to C10 aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more aryl groups, substituted aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, substituted heteroaryl groups, or combination thereof; R2 is chosen from aromatic moieties, substituted aromatic moieties, heteroaromatic moieties substituted heteroaromatic moieties, and coumarin; R3 is chosen from —H, C1 to C10 aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups, phenyl, or substituted phenyl, wherein the aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups are optionally substituted with one or more phenyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, substituted heteroaryl groups, or combination thereof, and wherein the aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups are optionally bonded to R2 to form a ring; X is S or O; and Y is S or NH, may be used in pharmaceutical compositions that modify of biological signaling processes or as reagents for biological assays.

Abstract: Methods for modulating GSK-3 activity and methods for treating a GSK-3-mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof. The methods include contacting a cell expressing GSK-3 with or administering to the subject in need a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of General Formula (I) or General Formula (II): or pharmaceutically-acceptable salts or solvates thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the treatment of autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases associated with overexpression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) as well as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and/or TLR3/TLR4 signaling in nonimmune cells, monocytes, macrophages, and/or dendritic cells in association with related pathologies. This invention also relates to the use of phenylmethimazoles, methimazole derivatives, and tautomeric cyclic thiones for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases associated with Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) as well as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and/or TLR3/TLR4 signaling in nonimmune cells, monocytes, macrophages, and/or dendritic cells in association with related pathologies. This invention also relates to treating a subject having a disease or condition associated with abnormal Toll-like receptor 3 as well as Toll-like receptor 4 and/or TLR3/TLR4 signaling in nonimmune cells, monocytes, macrophages, and/or dendritic cells in association with related pathologies.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and related gastrointestinal pathologies. This invention also relates to the treatment of cytokine-mediated diseases, including tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF?)-induced diseases and/or chemokine-mediated diseases. This invention also relates to treating an animal having a disease or condition associated with Toll-like receptor 4. Specifically, the present invention relates to the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and related gastrointestinal pathologies that are cytokine-mediated or associated with Toll-like receptor 4. More specifically, this invention is directed to methods for treating or preventing IBD and related gastrointestinal pathologies using methimazole derivatives and tautomeric cyclic thiones.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel compounds and methods of use for inhibition and prevention of cell adhesion and cell adhesion-mediated pathologies. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical formulations comprising these compounds and methods of using them for inhibition and prevention of cell adhesion and cell adhesion-mediated pathologies. The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be used as therapeutic or prophylactic agents. In particular, methimazole derivatives and tautomeric cyclic thiones have the ability to inhibit the adhesion and the migration of leukocytes. In addition to being active anti-inflammatories, the methimazole derivatives and tautomeric cyclic thiones and their physiologically tolerable salts, derivatives and prodrugs are generally suitable for the treatment (i.e., for the therapy and prophylaxis) of diseases that are based on the interaction between VCAM-1 and its ligands or can be influenced by an inhibition of this interaction.

Abstract: The present invention provides targeted delivery systems to deliver pharmaceuticals to irradiated tissue comprising a biomolecule carrier, a targeting moiety to cellular adhesion molecules and a pharmaceutical. The present invention also provides methods of selectively targeting endothelial tissue for delivery of a pharmaceutical thereto and of treating a pathophysiological state in an individual using the targeted delivery systems disclosed herein. Further provided is a method of optimizing an immunoliposome for specific targeting of a pharmaceutical encapsulated therein to irradiated tissue by selecting a liposome that has a greater rate of adhesion to the irradiated tissue than a rate of uptake by the reticuloendothelial system.