Abstract: A process for reducing the concentration of one or more arsenic-containing compounds in an aqueous solution comprising at least one fluoroacid, which process comprises: (i) contacting the aqueous solution with an oxidising agent to produce one or more Asv-containing compounds; and (ii) removal of precipitated arsenic-containing compounds; wherein the process comprises a step (iii) the addition of an aqueous alkali solution or slurry, which may take place after step (i) and before step (ii) or after step (ii).

Abstract: Provided are a method for treating sulfur hexafluoride and an apparatus for collecting and treating by-products. The method for treating sulfur hexafluoride, and the apparatus for collecting and treating by-products according to the present invention are a significantly effective method and apparatus capable of safely treating sulfur hexafluoride at low cost.

Abstract: A system for analyzing a CO2 concentration of an amine-based absorbing solution includes a measurement apparatus that measures a viscosity of the amine-based absorbing solution and at least one selected from conductivity and ultrasonic propagation velocity of the amine-based absorbing solution, wherein the amine-based absorbing solution absorbs and removes CO2 from a target gas by gas-liquid contact with the target gas; and a controller that determines the CO2 concentration of the amine-based absorbing solution from results measured by the measurement apparatus.

Abstract: A process for producing cumene and/or ethylbenzene from a mixed hydrocarbon feedstream comprising subjecting C6 cut separated from said mixed hydrocarbon feedstream to aromatization to provide an aromatization product stream and subjecting the thus obtained aromatization product stream to alkylation to produce an alkylated aromatic stream.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process for separating a fluoroolefin from a mixture comprising hydrogen fluoride and fluoroolefin, comprising azeotropic distillation both with and without an entrainer. In particular are disclosed processes for separating any of HFC-1225ye, HFC-1234ze, HFC-1234yf or HFC-1243zf from HF.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for adsorbing carbon dioxide onto porous metal-organic framework materials, a method for cooling porous metal-organic framework materials, a method for obtaining aldehyde using porous metal-organic framework materials and a method for warming porous metal-organic framework materials. In each method, porous metal-organic framework materials are used while an electric field or an electromagnetic field is applied to the porous metal-organic framework materials, or while a magnetic field or an electromagnetic field is applied to the porous metal-organic framework materials. If an electric field is applied, at least one organic compound included in the porous metal-organic framework materials is a polar compound. Instead, if a magnetic field is applied, at least one metal included in the porous metal-organic framework materials has an unpaired electron.

Abstract: A metal organic framework (MOF) includes a coordination product of a metal ion and an at least bidentate organic ligand, where the metal ion and the organic ligand are selected to provide a deliverable adsorption capacity of at least 70 g/l for an electronic gas. A porous organic polymer (POP) includes polymerization product from at least a plurality of organic monomers, where the organic monomers are selected to provide a deliverable adsorption capacity of at least 70 g/l for an electronic gas.

Abstract: A method for completely reducing an inorganic halide to obtain a non-halogen inorganic substance and/or hydride thereof and preferably anhydrous hydrogen halide fluid using inorganic halide substances, such as sulfur hexafluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, tungsten hexafluoride, uranium hexafluoride and others by reduction with a reducing agent at a proper temperature. The reducing agents may be molecular hydrogen, inorganic hydrides and inorganic metallic elements; molecular hydrogen is preferable, but in certain instances the inorganic hydrides are used, as well as inorganic metallic elements such as calcium and magnesium.

Abstract: Arsenic can be an impurity in phosphorous pentafluoride production processes. It is desirable to remove arsenic from phosphorous pentafluoride prior to using of the phosphorous pentafluoride in the production of lithium hexafluorophosphate. The present technology provides methods of removing arsenic from phosphorous pentafluoride by extractive distillation.

Abstract: There is provided a method for producing an electrolyte solution for lithium ion batteries, in which lithium hexafluorophosphate is used as an electrolyte, comprising the steps of (a) reacting phosphorus trichloride, chlorine and lithium chloride in a nonaqueous organic solvent; and (b) reacting a reaction product of the step (a) formed in the solvent, with hydrogen fluoride.

Abstract: Provided are methods for storing gases on porous adsorbents, methods for optimizing the storage of gases on porous adsorbents, methods of making porous adsorbents, and methods of gas storage of optimized compositions, as in systems containing porous adsorbents and gas adsorbed on the surface of the porous adsorbent. The disclosed methods and systems feature a constant or increasing isosteric enthalpy of adsorption as a function of uptake of the gas onto the exposed surface of a porous adsorbent. Adsorbents with a porous geometry and surface dimensions suited to a particular adsorbate are exposed to the gas at elevated pressures in the specific regime where n/V (density) is larger than predicted by the ideal gas law by more than several percent.

Abstract: The present disclosure is a system and method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode. The method may include a step of contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide. The method may include another step of contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising a recycled reactant. The method may include a step of applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a second product recoverable from the second region. The second product may be removed from the second region and introduced to a secondary reactor. The method may include forming the recycled reactant in the secondary reactor.

Abstract: Methods for producing silicon tetrafluoride by acid digestion of fluoride salts of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal and aluminum, optionally, in the presence of a source of silicon; methods for producing silane that include acid digestion of by-products of silane production to produce silicon tetrafluoride.

Abstract: A proton conductive material in which hollow inorganic fine particles that have through holes on a surface of the hollow inorganic fine particles, that are filled with an electrolyte resin. In addition, a membrane-electrode assembly which has an anode electrode provided on one surface side of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane and including an anode catalyst layer, and a cathode electrode provided on the other surface side of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane and including a cathode catalyst layer, wherein at least the anode catalyst layer from among the pair of catalyst layers includes the proton conductive material.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods used to remove HF from a fluorocarbon containing stream, thereby forming a final aqueous HF solution having both a high HF concentration and low dissolved organic content.

Abstract: A fluoride ion cleaning method includes generating hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas in-situ in a cleaning retort; contacting a part in need of cleaning with the generated HF gas; scrubbing an initial effluent stream in-situ to substantially remove residual HF gas therefrom; and passing the scrubbed effluent gas stream out of the cleaning retort. In an exemplary method, a liquid or gaseous halogenated feedstock is introduced into a cleaning retort; hydrogen gas is introduced into the cleaning retort, HF gas is generated by a reaction of the feedstock with hydrogen gas at a sufficient temperature. In an exemplary method, only HF gas generated in-situ or reconstituted in-situ is utilized in the cleaning process.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel method for producing hydrogen fluoride, which is capable of using various calcium fluoride sources and preventing a second pasty state from occurring, effectively. In a method for producing hydrogen fluoride by reacting calcium fluoride with sulfuric acid, following steps are conducted: (a) a step for mixing and reacting calcium fluoride particles having an average particle diameter of 1-40 ?m with sulfuric acid at a sulfuric acid/calcium fluoride molar ratio of 0.9-1.1 under a temperature of 0-70° C. to obtain a solid-state reaction mixture; and (b) a step for heating the solid-state reaction mixture to a temperature of 100-200° C. to react with itself, and thereby producing hydrogen fluoride in a gas phase.

Abstract: Methods for producing highly pure solutions containing hydrogen fluoride, one or more salts thereof or a mixture of two or more thereof, by adding hydrogen fluoride to at least one anhydrous solvent, wherein the hydrogen fluoride is added to the anhydrous solvent or solvents in the form of a gas or as a liquified gas or as a mixture of gas and liquefied gas. High purity hydrogen fluoride and ammonium fluoride solutions produced by the inventive method are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present technology provides compositions that are intimate mixtures of hydrogen fluoride and a polyacrylate-polyacrylamide cross-linked copolymer, as well as methods and preparing and using such compositions. The compositions are less hazardous and, therefore, more conveniently stored, transported, and handled in comparison to pure hydrogen fluoride. Further, the hydrogen fluoride may be readily recovered from the compositions of the invention for use.

Abstract: A method for the synthesis of anhydrous hydrogen halide fluids from organic halide fluids, such as perfluorocarbon fluids and refrigerant fluids, and anhydrous carbon dioxide for the environmentally safe disposition thereof.

Abstract: To provide a novel method for purifying hydrogen fluoride, capable of efficiently reducing the content of arsenic in hydrogen fluoride. The step (a) of bringing a crude hydrogen fluoride containing arsenic trifluoride into contact with an oxidizing agent of a metal fluoride in a liquid state is carried out, for example, in a reactor (11) to obtain a reaction mixture wherein arsenic pentafluoride is formed by oxidizing arsenic trifluoride with the oxidizing agent of the metal fluoride through a liquid-liquid reaction; and the step (b) of separating purified hydrogen fluoride from the reaction mixture is carried out, for example, by a separator (13), the thus obtained purified hydrogen fluoride having a lower content of arsenic than that of the crude hydrogen fluoride.

Abstract: A method for the synthesis of anhydrous hydrogen halide fluids from organic halide fluids, such as perfluorocarbon fluids and refrigerant fluids, and anhydrous carbon dioxide for the environmentally safe disposition thereof.

Abstract: The present technology provides compositions that are intimate mixtures of hydrogen fluoride and a polyacrylate-polyacrylamide cross-linked copolymer, as well as methods and preparing and using such compositions. The compositions are less hazardous and, therefore, more conveniently stored, transported, and handled in comparison to pure hydrogen fluoride. Further, the hydrogen fluoride may be readily recovered from the compositions of the invention for use.

Abstract: This invention is directed to compositions of matter comprising a hydride ion having a binding energy greater than about 0.8 eV. The claimed hydride ions may be combined with cations, including a proton, to form novel hydrides.

Abstract: In a method for recovering acid from an aqueous etching mixture containing HF, HNO3, H2SiF6 and HNO2 which has been used for purifying polycrystalline silicon, the used etching mixture is distilled progressively so that approximately from 20 to 50 wt. % of the mixture is distilled off as dilute acid containing more than 90 wt. % of the silicon dissolved as hexafluorosilicic acid in a first fraction, and the water contained in the used etching mixture having been reduced by approximately 10-30 wt. %, this water-depleted mixture is then concentrated by evaporation to a residue of about 1 to 5 wt. % of the initial amount of used etching mixture during which a second fraction is distilled off, and the residue is disposed of.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions that are intimate mixtures of hydrogen fluoride and a polyacrylate-polyacrylamide cross-linked copolymer. The compositions of the invention are less hazardous and, therefore, more conveniently stored, transported, and handled in comparison to pure hydrogen fluoride. Further, the hydrogen fluoride may be readily recovered from the compositions of the invention for use.

Abstract: A method of fluorination comprising reacting monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, composite saccharides formed by bonding of these saccharides with proteins and lipids and saccharides having polyalcohols, aldehydes, ketones and acids of the polyalcohols, and derivatives and condensates of these compounds with a fluorinating agent represented by general formula (I) thermally or under irradiation with microwave or an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength around the microwave region. In accordance with the method, the fluorination at a selected position can be conducted safely at a temperature in the range of 150 to 200° C. where the reaction is difficult in accordance with conventional methods. The above method comprising the irradiation with microwave or an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength around the microwave region can be applied to substrates other than saccharides.

Abstract: The present invention provides a two-step process for producing nuclear grade, active uranium dioxide (UO2) powder in which the first step comprises reacting uranium hexafluoride (UF6) with steam in a flame reactor to yield uranyl fluoride (UO2F2); and the second step comprises removing fluoride and reducing UO2F2 to uranium dioxide (UO2) in a kiln under a steam/hydrogen atmosphere. The two-step process, each step separated by a positive sealed valve means to prevent gas, particularly H2 flow back, tightly controls the exothermicity of the reaction, which allows for a very tight temperature control which controls the growth of the particles and results in UO2 powder that is active and of consistent morphology.

Abstract: Wide mesoporous alumina composites are produced by an “in situ reaction” route comprising agglomeration of an alumina powder that is capable of rehydration together with a second reactive powder such as carbonate. In one method of production, the powders are fed to a rotating forming device that is continuously sprayed with liquid under conditions to form particulates. The discharging beads are then subjected to curing and thermal activation to produce the final catalyst or adsorbent. The alumina participates in a pore altering process involving the carbonate component upon formation of hydroxycarbonate intermediates such as Dawsonite. Large fraction of the pore volume of the final product consists of wide mesopores in the 15-50 nanometers range. The alumina composites exhibit a characteristic trimodal pore structure that includes also small micro-meso pores and macropores larger than 200 nanometers.

Abstract: The invention relates to azeotropic and azeotrope-like mixtures of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (HFC-365) and hydrogen fluoride and a process for separating the azeotrope-like mixtures. The compositions of the invention are useful as an intermediate in the production of HFC-365. The latter is useful as a nontoxic, zero ozone depleting fluorocarbon useful as a solvent, blowing agent, refrigerant, cleaning agent and aerosol to propellant.

Abstract: Calcium fluoride fines or residues comprising calcium fluoride fines, e.g. residues from treating waste water or waste gas, e.g. originating from HF or fertilizer production, with calcium oxide or calcium carbonate to remove HF or fluorides can be converted to HF and calcium sulfate by reaction with sulfuric acid in the form of a suspension. Unreacted calcium oxide or calcium carbonate generates sufficient heat to the endothermic reaction between calcium fluoride and sulfuric acid so that no external heat is needed.

Abstract: A method for removing fluorine gas from a selected environment comprises contacting the fluorine gas with water to generate a solution of hydrofluoric acid and contacting the solution of hydrofluoric acid with an ion exchange resin having an active state operative to exchange selected ions therein for fluoride ions in the solution. The apparatus (200) may include a dual resin setup (222, 223) such that one of the ion-exchange resin can be in the service cycle while the other of the ion-exchange resins undergoes the regeneration and rinse/refill cycles.

Abstract: To recycle fluoride by recovering calcium fluoride having a particle size and purity suitable for production of hydrogen fluoride, from a fluoride-containing effluent or a hydrofluoric acid-containing effluent. This method comprises reacting the fluoride-containing effluent or the hydrofluoric acid-containing effluent with an aqueous calcium chloride solution, under an acidic condition with hydrochloric acid where calcium fluoride has a comparatively high solubility. Calcium fluoride having a high purity and a large particle size can be deposited. The hydrochloric acid residues from the reaction or formed through the reaction is reacted with an inexpensive calcium compound such as calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide and calcium carbonate to produce an aqueous calcium chloride solution, and the aqueous calcium chloride solution is reused for the treatment of the hydrofluoric acid-containing effluent.

Abstract: A method for removing water molecules from a vacuum chamber for carrying out a process on a target object in vacuum includes the steps of introducing into the vacuum chamber a water molecule removal gas including at least a reduction gas which reduces the water molecules to produce hydrogen molecules and a halogen-based gas which reacts with the produced hydrogen molecules to produce acid, exhausting gases in the vacuum chamber measuring an amount of water molecules present inside the vacuum chamber, and determining whether or not the measured amount of water molecules is greater than or equal to a threshold value, wherein if the measured amount of water molecules is greater than or equal to the threshold value, the water molecule removal gas is introduced into the vacuum chamber in the introducing step.

Abstract: Provided is a thermionic cathode doped with an increased binding energy hydrogen species and a method of making the doped thermionic cathode.

Abstract: Compounds are provided comprising at least one neutral, positive, or negative hydrogen species having a binding energy greater than its corresponding ordinary hydrogen species, or greater than any hydrogen species for which the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species is unstable or is not observed. Compounds comprise at least one increased binding energy hydrogen species and at least one other atom, molecule, or ion other than an increased binding energy hydrogen species. One group of such compounds contains one or more increased binding energy hydrogen species selected from the group consisting of Hn, Hn?, and Hn+ where n is an integer from one to three.

Abstract: Wide mesoporous alumina composites are produced by an “in situ reaction” route comprising agglomeration of an alumina powder that is capable of rehydration together with a second reactive powder such as carbonate. In one method of production, the powders are fed to a rotating forming device that is continuously sprayed with liquid under conditions to form particulates. The discharging beads are then subjected to curing and thermal activation to produce the final catalyst or adsorbent. The alumina participates in a pore altering process involving the carbonate component upon formation of hydroxycarbonate intermediates such as Dawsonite. Large fraction of the pore volume of the final product consists of wide mesopores in the 15-50 nanometers range. The alumina composites exhibit a characteristic trimodal pore structure that includes also small micro-meso pores and macropores larger than 200 nanometers.

Abstract: A method for removing fluorine gas from a selected environment comprises contacting the fluorine gas with water to generate a solution of hydrofluoric acid and contacting the solution of hydrofluoric acid with an ion exchange resin having an active state operative to exchange selected ions therein for fluoride ions in the solution. The apparatus (200) may include a dual resin setup (222, 223) such that one of the ion-exchange resin can be in the service cycle while the other of the ion-exchange resins undergoes the regeneration and rinse/refill cycles.

Abstract: A process for the production of metal fluorides comprising maintaining a low concentration of the by-products of the reaction between a non-fluorinated metal compound and hydrofluoric acid, so as to produce, by this reaction, sub-micron particle sizes of metal fluoride of high purity.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for manufacture of NF3 by gas-liquid phase reaction of fluorine and ammonia in molten ammonium acid fluoride (AAF) in a static reactor in which the reactants are conveyed primarily by thermal conduction or siphon. Optimally, the reactor contains one or more static mixing elements with little, if any, mechanical agitation. Reactant flow rate and reaction temperature are regulated by the rate of introduction of ammonia and cooling, as necessary The ratio of hydrogen fluoride (generated by the reaction) to ammonia in the reactor is significantly lower than taught in the prior art. This allows a lower reaction temperature. The present invention is an improved synthetic method that offers enhanced selectivity and higher yields, improved control of reaction kinetics, reduced operational and energy costs, and a greater margin of safety.

Abstract: Provided are methods of producing anhydrous hydrogen fluoride comprising: providing a mixture comprising hydrogen fluoride and at least one halogenated hydrocarbon; and extracting hydrogen fluoride from the mixture by contacting the mixture with a solution of less than about 93 wt. % sulfuric acid solution in water.

Abstract: The invention relates to azeotropic and azeotrope-like mixtures of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (HFC-365) and hydrogen fluoride and a process for separating the azeotrope-like mixtures. The compositions of the invention are useful as an intermediate in the production of HFC-365. The latter is useful as a nontoxic, zero ozone depleting fluorocarbon useful as a solvent, blowing agent, refrigerant, cleaning agent and aerosol to propellant.

Abstract: A process for the production of a fluorinated organic compound, characterized by fluorinating an organic compound having a hydrogen atoms using IF5; and a novel fluorination process for fluorinating an organic compound having a hydrogen atoms by using a fluorinating agent containing IF5 and at least one member selected from the group consisting of acids, bases, salts and additives.

Abstract: Nitrogen trifluoride is produced with a high yield by the method comprising forming a fast stream of micro droplets of a fused ammonium fluoride salt by rapidly ejecting the fused ammonium fluoride salt into a reactor through a nozzle while circulating the fused ammonium fluoride salt in the reactor from a lower portion to an upper portion; and contacting micro droplets of the fused ammonium fluoride salt with fluorine gas sucked in the reactor through a suction pipe for fluorine by a negative pressure formed around the nozzle due to an ejection of the fused ammonium fluoride salt, whereby excessive generation and regional accumulation of the heat of reaction are prevented, reducing the reaction temperature by 10˜30° C. compared with those of the existing methods, and a side reaction occurs only to a slight extent according to the lowered reaction temperature.

Abstract: A depleted UF6 processing plant including a first fluidized bed reactor configured to react depleted UF6 with steam to produce UO2F2 and hydrogen fluoride, a second fluidized bed reactor connected to the first fluidized bed reactor and configured to react the UO2F2 with steam to produce U3O8, hydrogen fluoride and oxygen, a gas cooler configured to cool the hydrogen fluoride generated in the first and second fluidized bed reactors down to 150 to 300° C., and a fluorine fixing reactor containing granular calcium carbonate and connected to the gas cooler to receive the hydrogen fluoride cooled down to 150 to 300° C. from the gas cooler. The fluorine fixing reactor is configured to form granular calcium fluoride from the granular calcium carbonate and the hydrogen fluoride passing through the fluorine fixing reactor.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an improved reaction process that allows for the achievement of excellent NF3 production yields, while minimizing the amount of unreacted fluorine exiting with the process gases and minimizing the amount of liquid melt waste (HF/NH3) produced by the process. The basic NF3 process resides in reacting F2 with an ammonium ion source, e.g., ammonium acid fluoride, under conditions for forming NF3. The improvement in the process comprises: introducing F2 and said ammonium ion source cocurrently and downflow through a packed column or monolith column at a first temperature; reacting said F2 and ammonium ion source in said column; and, removing a mixture of NF3 and byproducts from said column at a second temperature higher than said first temperature.

Abstract: A metal container to be filled with a halogen containing gas, with the inner surface processed with a polishing agent. The gas has a reduced purity decline by the increase of the water content or impurities from the inner surface of the container which is absorbed by the gas over the passage of time. The inner surface processing method is improved such that the value of dividing the area of the Si2s peak by the area of the Fe2p3/2 peak in the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the gas container inner surface with the inner surface process with a polishing agent applied is 0.3 or less.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for purifying process waste gases by introducing them into a waste gas purification system that includes a reaction chamber and by post-treating the reaction products that leave the reaction chamber in a washing or sorbtion chamber with an associated washing agent circuit. The type and amount of harmful substances in the process waste gas are continuously measured before the waste gases enter the waste gas purification system. In addition, the type and amount of harmful substances in the reaction products that leave the waste gas purification system are simultaneously determined directly at the exit of the system and the measuring signals are used to regulate the operating parameters of the waste gas purification system.

Abstract: A process for fluoride removal from wastewater streams produced during industrial operation for further industrial use or to comply with environmental regulations. The process segregates the removal of fluoride and fluorosilicate ions, from the totality of ions in the waste water stream, thus improving treatment efficiency and reducing costs. Ion-exchange chromatography is used to remove the fluoride and fluorosilicate ions by passing the wastewater stream through one or more columns that contain a charged resin which selectively binds cations/anions in the stream. The fluoride ions are washed from the column and then collected for removal or use in other processes.

Abstract: A method for the production of nitrogen trifluoride from a fluorine reactant and an ammonium ion source that is dispersed within a liquid phase reaction mixture containing one or more perfluorocarbon fluids is disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the fluorine reactant is introduced to the reaction mixture at a temperature that ranges from 90° C. to 120° C. In this embodiment, the percentage yield of nitrogen trifluoride may be about 80% or greater.