Abstract: The invention provides for the use of at least one aromatic acid compound of formula i), or a salt thereof, as a water tracer; wherein n is 0, 1 or 2, R1 to R5 are each independently H, alkyl or alkoxy and wherein at least one of R1 to R5 is alkoxy. The invention further provides for a method of monitoring the flow of water within a structure having an inflow point and an outflow point, where the method comprises; a) introducing at least a one tracer of formula i) into said inflow point; b) collecting fluid at said outflow point; and c) measuring the presence and/or concentration of said tracer in said fluid collected at said outflow point over time.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds comprising the general formula (I), in which R1 and R2, which may be identical or different, are selected from the group comprising —H or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or together form an aromatic or aliphatic ring with 5 or 6 atoms, Y and Z, which may be identical or different, are selected from the group comprising —H, OH, —COOH, —OR3, —CH(OR3)COOH, in which R3 is selected from H, phenyl, benzyl, CF, or CF3 or CF2CF3, vinyl, allyl and a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Present invention relates to an improved and commercial process for the preparation of 2-sustituted-2-(6-(substituted)-7-methylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)acetic acid derivatives of formula-I [Formula should be inserted here], wherein R1 is a O-protecting group such as methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, trialkylsilyl, arylmethyl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, allyl; X is hydroxyl, halogen, mesylate, triflate, tosylate, acetate; Y is oxygen atom, NH or sulfur atom; R2 is C1-C6 alkyl. 2,4-Dihydroxy-3-methylbenzal-dehyde is selectively protected at C-4 position in the form of an ether compound of formula-XII, oxidized the aldehyde function to get the diol of formula-XIII, and condensed with ethyl glyoxalate under Casiraghi reaction conditions to get the compound of formula-XV. Compound of formula-XV is converted to compound of formula-I by conventional chemistry.

Abstract: Disclosed are compounds exhibiting sufficient herbicidal activity at low application dosage when they are applied to soils and foliage, and an agrochemical composition using the same, in particular herbicides. The compounds are triazine derivatives represented by following Formula 1 or salts thereof, and the herbicides containing them: [Chem. 28] wherein in the formula, R1 represents a hydrogen atom; a C1-C12 alkyl group; a C2-C6 alkenyl group, etc., R2 represents a C1-C12 alkyl group, etc., Y and Z represent an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, and A represents a 5- or 6-membered cyclic group which may contain a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new dihydroxyphenyl modulators of neurotransmitter levels, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of use thereof.

Abstract: As shown by the following formula (1), after methyl laurate (2 mmol) and water (8 mL) are added to an ammonium pyrosulfate catalyst (5 mol %), a hydrolysis reaction of methyl laurate is carried out by heating for 24 hours at 60° C. while stirring is performed, so that lauric acid can be obtained with a yield of 86%.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing optionally substituted P-hydroxymandelic compounds and derivatives thereof. The method for preparing the mandelic compounds of the invention comprises condensing in water, in the presence of an alkaline agent, an aromatic compound bearing at least one hydroxyl group and having a free para position, with glycoxylic acid, wherein said method is characterised in that said reaction is carried out in a piston-flow reactor.

Abstract: The present invention provides aryl- or heteroaryl-diketo acid compounds effective to inhibit an activity of a Mycobacterial malate synthase enzyme or to inhibit a malate synthase activity in other bacteria having the enzyme. The compounds may be phenyl- naphthyl-, or thienyl-substituted diketo acids and carboxylate derivatives thereof. Also provided are methods of treating tuberculosis or other pathophysiological conditions associated with a malate synthase enzyme with the inhibitory compounds and methods of in silico design of the inhibitory compounds. In addition, the present invention provides the inhibitory compounds designed by this method. Furthermore, three-dimensional X-ray crystal structures of the Mycobacterial malate synthase complexed with the inhibitory compounds are provided. Further still a method for stabilizing an aromatic or heteroaromatic diketo acid or its prodrug or close analog in solution by derivatizing at least the ortho position on the aromatic ring is provided.

Abstract: A method of producing an aromatic amino compound using a primary or secondary amine compound and a halogenated aromatic compound as starting materials, and relying upon the Ullmann reaction, the method being capable of obtaining the highly pure aromatic amino compound in high yields and inexpensively. A primary or secondary amine compound having an aromatic ring group and a halogenated aromatic compound as starting materials, are reacted with the halogenated aromatic compound in the presence of copper catalyst and base to produce the aromatic amino compound having a structure in which an aromatic ring group derived from the halogenated aromatic compound is coupled to the amino group of the amine compound, wherein the amine compound and the halogenated aromatic compound are reacted together such that an aromatic oxycarboxylic acid having a hydroxyl group and a hydroxycarbonyl group bonded to neighboring carbon atoms, is present together with the copper catalyst and the base.

Abstract: The present invention provides dialkyl ether compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, compositions containing the same and one or more active agents, and methods of administering active agents with the same.

Abstract: There is provided novel compounds capable of modulating the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR40, compositions comprising the compounds, and methods for their use for controlling insulin levels in vivo and for the treatment of conditions such as type II diabetes, hypertension, ketoacidosis, obesity, glucose intolerance, and hypercholesterolemia and related disorders associated with abnormally high or low plasma lipoprotein, triglyceride or glucose levels.

Abstract: The invention provides novel phenylglyoxylic acid derivatives, which may be useful as intermediates for preparing stereoisomerically enriched drug compounds. The invention also provides methods of making phenylglyoxylic acid derivatives, and uses of phenylglyoxylic acid derivatives.

Abstract: Compounds useful for the treatment of various metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance syndrome, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, cachexia, obesity, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, are disclosed.

Abstract: The spiro compound represented by the following general formula [Ia], its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof

Abstract: Compounds comprising cyclic moiety and compositions for the delivery of active agents are provided. Methods of administration and preparation are provided as well.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new use of traditional Chinese drug products of Danshensu (DLA), Notoginsenoside R1 (R1) and their combination, in particular to the therapeutic and preventive effects of DLA, R1 and their combination on the diseases caused by microcirculation disorder.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of certain cyclopropyl carboxylic acid esters and other cyclopropyl carboxylic acid derivatives; a novel process for the preparation of dimethylsulfoxonium methylide and dimethylsulfonium methylide; to the use of certain cyclopropyl carboxylic acid esters in a process for the preparation of intermediates that can be used in the synthesis of pharmaceutically active entities; and to certain intermediates provided by these processes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel process for preparing substituted and unsubstituted (2,4-dimethylbiphenyl-3-yl)acetic acids and their esters of the formula (I) using homogeneous and heterogeneous palladium catalysts, and also the intermediates 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenylacetic acid and 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylmandelic acid, and to processes for their preparation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to substituted aromatic compounds of Formula I and their pharmaceutical uses. Particular aspects of the invention relate to the use of those compounds in the prevention and/or treatment of various diseases and conditions in subjects, including the prevention or treatment of (i) blood disorders, (ii) renal disorders, a nephropathies, or renal disorder complications; (iii) inflammatory-related diseases; and/or (iv) oxidative stress related disorders.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds comprising the general formula (I), in which R1 and R2, which may be identical or different, are selected from the group comprising —H or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or together form an aromatic or aliphatic ring with 5 or 6 atoms; Y and Z, which may be identical or different, are selected from the group comprising —H, —OH, —COOH, —OR3, —CH(OR3)COOH, in which R3 is selected from H, phenyl, benzyl, —CF3 or —CF2CF3, vinyl, allyl and a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Abstract: There is provided a process for preparing a salt of the (R)- or (S)-isomer of 1-naphthylethylamine with mandelic acid or a derivative thereof, the process comprising reacting racemic 1-naphthylethylamine with mandelic acid or a derivative thereof to obtain the (R)- or (S)-isomer of 1-naphthylethylamine salt (III) with the acid. The salts also form an aspect of the present invention. There is also provided a salt of the (R)- or (S)-isomer of 1-naphthylethylamine with mandelic acid or a derivative thereof. There is also provided a process for preparing cinacalcet (I) or a salt thereof, the process comprising reacting an ester (II) with (R)-1-naphthylethylamine or a salt of (R)-1-naphthylethylamine and mandelic acid or a derivative thereof, to obtain cinacalcet, and optionally converting the cincalcet to a salt thereof.

Abstract: A subject-matter of the present invention is a novel process for the synthesis of (E)-stilbene derivatives targeted at obtaining in particular resveratrol and piceatannol.

Abstract: The present invention has its object to provide a method for producing an optically active hydroxycarboxylic acid derivative which is an intermediate important for production of medicines, agrochemicals, chemical products, and so on. The production method of the present invention comprises: carrying out a hydrogen-transfer reduction of a ketocarboxylic acid or a salt thereof by the reaction of an optically active diamine complex to produce an optically active hydroxycarboxylic acid derivative. According to the present invention, it is possible to safely and efficiently produce an industrially-useful optically active hydroxycarboxylic acid derivative.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel resolvin compounds and pharmaceutical preparations thereof. The invention further relates to methods of treatment using the novel resolvin compounds of the invention.

Abstract: Disclosed are fluorovinyl ether functionalized aromatic diesters and derivatives thereof. The compounds disclosed have utility as functionalized monomers and comonomers in polyesters, polyamides, and the like. It has been found that incorporation of the monomers into polymers provides improved soil resistance to shaped articles produced from the polymers.

Abstract: A process for preparing monocarboxylic perfluoropolyethers of formula: A-O—(RF)z—(CFY)t—C(O)OX (I) wherein: X is H, C1-C10 alkyl, or an aryl group; Y=F, CF3; t=1, 2 or 3; A is a C1-C4 perfluoroalkyl end group; z=0 or 1; RF is a perfluorooxyalkylene chain; having a number average molecular weight in the range 180-8,000; comprising the following steps: a) one or more distillations of perfluoropolyethers (PFPE) of formula T-O—(RF)z-T? (II) wherein: z and RF are as above defined; T, T?, equal to or different from each other, are selected from acyl fluoride or carbonyl-containing functional end groups and non functional end groups to obtain one PFPE fraction of formula (II) wherein the difference between the minimum and the maximum molecular weight of the components is lower than or equal to 600; b) partial fluorination of the fraction obtained in a); c) esterification c1) and/or hydrolysis c2) of the mixture obtained in b); d) distillation of the product obtained in c2) or in c1).

Abstract: An agent for regulating 14273 receptor function, which is useful as a preventing or treating drug for diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia or the like, is provided. An agent for regulating 14273 receptor function comprising a compound containing an aromatic ring and a group capable of releasing a cation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of certain cyclopropyl carboxylic acid esters and other cyclopropyl carboxylic acid derivatives; a novel process for the preparation of dimethylsulfoxonium methylide and dimethylsulfonium methylide; to the use of certain cyclopropyl carboxylic acid esters in a process for the preparation of intermediates that can be used in the synthesis of pharmaceutically active entities; and to certain intermediates provided by these processes.

Abstract: Compounds and related methods as can be used for selective mevalonate pathway inhibitors.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method comprising administering a compound to a mammal suffering from an inflammatory bowel disease for the treatment of said disease, said compound having a structure according to Formula I wherein X, Y, B, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and n have the meanings found herein.

Abstract: There is provided novel compounds capable of modulating the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR40, compositions comprising the compounds, and methods for their use for controlling insulin levels in vivo and for the treatment of conditions such as type I1 diabetes, hypertension, ketoacidosis, obesity, glucose intolerance, and hypercholesterolemia and related disorders associated with abnormally high or low plasma lipoprotein, triglyceride or glucose levels.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new process for the resolution of mandelic acid derivatives from racemic mandelic acid derivative mixtures by salt formation with chiral base cyclic amides; to the resolved mandelic acid cyclic amide salts (see, for example, formula IIa), as well as certain other metal and amine salts of the mandelic acid derivatives, and to the use of the resolved mandelic acid derivatives as intermediates suitable for large-scale manufacturing of, for example, pharmaceutical compounds; Formula IIa, wherein R is selected from CHF2, H, C1-6 Alkyl, CH2F, CHCl2 and CClF2; and wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; R1 is H or C1-6 Alkyl and X is H, halo or C1-6 Alkyl.

Abstract: This invention is directed to the crystalline potassium salt of a lipoxin A4 analog of Formula (I): processes for preparing the crystalline potassium salts, methods for using them to treat disease-states characterized by inflammation, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such crystalline potassium salts.

Abstract: The present invention provides crystalline and amorphous salts of O-desmethylvenlafaxine and processes for preparing said salts of O-desmethylvenlafaxine. The present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising said salts of O-desmethylvenlafaxine.

Abstract: The compounds trans-(1R,2R)-2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)cyclopropanecarbonyl azide and trans-(1R,2S)-2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)cyclopropanaminium (2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethanoate.

Abstract: To find a therapeutic agent and/or a preventive agent for diabetes mellitus or the like having excellent activity and safety. A compound represented by the following general formula (I), or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof. In the formula, X represents ?C(R5)- or ?N—; Y represents —O— or —NH—; L represents a bond or a substitutable C1-C3 alkylene group; M represents a substitutable C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substitutable C6-C10 aryl group, or a substitutable heterocyclic group; R1 represents a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, a C2-C6 alkenyl group, a C2-C6 alkynyl group, a C1-C6 aliphatic acyl group, a C1-C6 alkoxy C1-C6 alkyl group, or a C6-C10 aryl group; and R2, R3, R4, and R5 may be the same or different and each represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C3 alkyl group, a C1-C3 haloalkyl group, a C1-C3 alkoxy group, or a nitro group.

Abstract: The invention features 4-((phenoxyalkyl)thio)-phenoxyacetic acids and analogs, compositions containing them, and methods of using them as PPAR modulators to treat or inhibit the progression of, for example, dyslipidemia.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing optionally substituted P-hydroxymandelic compounds and derivatives thereof. The method for preparing the mandelic compounds of the invention comprises condensing in water, in the presence of an alkaline agent, an aromatic compound bearing at least one hydroxyl group and having a free para position, with glycoxylic acid, wherein said method is characterised in that said reaction is carried out in a piston-flow reactor.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of metal complexes comprising a ligand derived from 2-aryl-2-hydroxyacetic acid and a divalent or trivalent metal cation and to the use of the said ligands in dissolving divalent or trivalent metal cations in aqueous phase. The said complexes can be used to treat metal deficiencies in plants.

Abstract: Methods for the reduction of gaseous carbon dioxide emissions from combustion or oxidation reactions are provided. The various methods involve the formation of carbon suboxides and/or polymerized carbon suboxides (PCS), preferentially over gaseous carbon oxides to thereby reduce gaseous carbon dioxide emissions. The various methods can be employed for efficient generation of energy and/or hydrogen. In addition, various methods for the use of polymerized carbon suboxide are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to butenoic acid derivatives of the formula I: in which R, R1, R2 and R3 are as defined in the description, and also to processes for the preparation thereof, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them and to their use for the treatment of dyslipidaemia, atherosclerosis and diabetes.

Abstract: A novel class of dicarboxylic acid derivatives, the use of these compounds as pharmaceutical compositions, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds and methods of treatment employing these compounds and compositions. The present compounds may be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of conditions mediated by Peroxisome Proliferator -Activated Receptors (PPAR).

Abstract: The present invention relates to butenoic acid derivatives of the formula I: in which R, R1, R2 and R3 are as defined in the description, and also to processes for the preparation thereof, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them and to their use for the treatment of dyslipidaemia, atherosclerosis and diabetes.

Abstract: One aspect of the present invention relates to a method for the kinetic resolution of racemic and diastereomeric mixtures of chiral compounds. The critical elements of the method are: a non-racemic chiral tertiary-amine-containing catalyst; a racemic or diastereomeric mixture of a chiral substrate, e.g., a cyclic carbonate or cyclic carbamate; and a nucleophile, e.g., an alcohol, amine or thiol. A preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for achieving the kinetic resolution of racemic and diastereomeric mixtures of derivatives of ?- and ?-amino, hydroxy, and thio carboxylic acids. In certain embodiments, the methods of the present invention achieve dynamic kinetic resolution of a racemic or diastereomeric mixture of a substrate, i.e.

Abstract: The present invention has its object to provide a method for producing an optically active hydroxycarboxylic acid derivative which is an intermediate important for production of medicines, agrochemicals, chemical products, and so on. The production method of the present invention comprises: carrying out a hydrogen-transfer reduction of a ketocarboxylic acid or a salt thereof by the reaction of an optically active diamine complex to produce an optically active hydroxycarboxylic acid derivative. According to the present invention, it is possible to safely and efficiently produce an industrially-useful optically active hydroxycarboxylic acid derivative.

Abstract: A method of producing optically active trans-2-aminocyclohexanol includes allowing racemic trans-2-aminocyclohexanol to react with optically active 2-methoxyphenylacetic acid to produce an optically active 2-methoxyphenylacetic acid salt of optically active trans-2-aminocyclohexanol and separating the salt. An optically active 2-methoxyphenylacetic acid salt of optically active trans-2-aminocyclohexanol is also provided. The method makes it possible to produce optically active trans-2-aminocyclohexanol with ease and a high yield from an industrially-advantageous, inexpensive raw material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing compounds of general formula I wherein R1 and R2 are defined as in claim 1, the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and the solvates thereof, which may be prepared starting from compounds of general formula II wherein R1 is defined as in claim 1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a protein which can asymmetrically reduce an ortho-substituted phenylglyoxalic acid compound to produce an aide or ester compound of corresponding optically-active ortho-substituted mandelic acid compound with a good optical yield, a DNA encoding the protein, a process for producing the protein from the DNA, and a process for asymmetrically reducing an ortho-substituted phenylglyoxalic acid compound to produce a corresponding optically-active ortho-substituted mandelic acid compound.

Abstract: Benzolipoxin analogs, methods of their preparation and pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds are provided. The compounds and compositions are useful in methods for treatment of various diseases, including, inflammation, autoimmune disease and abnormal cell proliferation.

Abstract: Compounds having the general structure: which are useful for the treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions, such as bone disorders.